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Identification Keys
The identification keys to the ant genera of Borneo by Prof. Hashimoto, which are presented in their original version below, as well as his glossary on ant morphology has recently been updated by Dr. Tom Fayle, who provides a bilingual English-Malay version of the key, which includes the latest taxonomic changes by Bolton (2003). Here we present a link to his work.
Link to the advanced key of Dr. Tom Fayle
Link to his ant glossary
In cooperation with Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yoshiaki Hashimoto, University of Hyogo and Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo, we present here a link to his famous identification keys from his Ants of Borneo site. All his keys have been compiled in one book chapter than can be downloaded from here. We kindly thank Professor Hashimoto and are looking forward to further cooperation! Link to the website of Dr. Yoshiaki Hashimoto Link to the book with his keys.
Further links to identification Keys for Bornean Ants. You can download an Endnote-File containing all the references of these identification Keys as well. If you feel like there is something important missing (for example your own key), or if you want to send us keys you have available, feel free to to us.
If you should be unable to access some of the publications please feel free to contact us as well, as we may help you obtaining some of them.
Good luck with identifying your ants!
- Acanthomyrmex
Moffett MW, 1986. Revision of the myrmicine genus Acanthomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 151: 55-89.
http://www.antcat.org/references/127418 - Aenictus
Wilson EO, 1964. The true army ants of the Indo-Australian Area (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dorylinae). Pacific Insects Monographs 6(3): 427-483
http://www.antcat.org/references/130369 - Acropyga
LaPolla JS, 2004. Acropyga (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the World. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 33(3): 1-130.
http://www.antcat.org/references/131663 - Camponotus (Karavaievia) spp.
Dumpert K, Maschwitz U and Weissflog A, 2006. Description of five new weaver ant species of Camponotus subgenus Karavaievia EMERY, 1925 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Malaysia and Thailand, with contribution to their biology, especially to colony foundation. Myrmecologische Nachrichten 8 69-82.
http://www.antcat.org/references/131163 - Cataulacus
Bolton B, 1974. A revision of the Palaeotropical arboreal ant genus Cataulacus F. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 30: 1-105.
http://www.antcat.org/references/122838 - Cerapachys
Brown WL, 1975. Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini. Search: Agriculture; Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station 15: 1-115
http://www.antcat.org/references/123055
- Cerapachys sexspinus-group
Borowiec ML, 2009. New ant species related to Cerapachys sexspinus and discussion of the status of Yunodorylus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 2069: 43-58
http://www.antcat.org/references/130811
- Chimaeridris
Wilson EO, 1989. Chimaeridris, a new genus of hook-mandibled myrmicine ants from tropical Asia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux 36: 62-69
http://www.antcat.org/references/130331 - Cladomyrma
Agosti D, Moog A and Maschwitz U, 1999. Revision of the Oriental ant genus Cladomyrma. Am. Mus. Novit. 3283: 1-24.
http://www.antcat.org/references/130643 - Crematogaster (Physocrema)
Hoshoishi S & Ogata K, 2009. A taxonomic revision of the Asian endemic subgenus Physocrema of the genus Crematogaster (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (2009). Zootaxa 2062: 15-36.
http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/images/2/2c/Hosoishi_S_Ogata_K_2009b.pdf - Crematogaster fraxini and related species
New: Hoshoishi S & Ogata K, 2014. Description and DNA barcoding of Crematogaster fraxatrix Forel, 1911 and two new closely related species from Cambodia and Indonesia (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). ZooKeys 374:57-68
http://www.antcat.org/references/142569 - Crematogaster ranavalonae-group
New: Hoshoishi S 2015. Revision of the Crematogaster ranavalonae-group in Asia, with description of two new species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 42:63-92
http://www.antcat.org/references/142729 - Crematogaster (popohana-group)
New: Hoshoishi S & Ogata K, 2015. Review of the Crematogaster popohana-group with the description of a new species from the Indochinese Peninsula (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Asian MYrmecology 7: 11-18.
http://www.asian-myrmecology.org/doi/10.20362/am.007003.html - Dacetinops
Taylor RW, 1985. The ants of the Papuasian genus Dacetinops (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae). In: Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Zoogeography of Beetles and Ants (Ball GE, ed Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, 41-67.
http://www.antcat.org/references/129167 - Diacamma
New: Laciny A, Pal A & Zettel H, 2015. Taxonomic notes on the ant genus Diacamma Mayr, 1862 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), part 1. Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichischer Entomologen
67: 83-136
http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/images/3/3b/Laciny_2015_Diacamma_SE_Asia.pdf - Dilobocondyla
Bharti H and Kumar R 2013. Five new species of Dilobocondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with a revised key to the known species. Asian Myrmecology 5, 29-44
http://www.asian-myrmecology.org/doi/10.20362/am.005005.html - Dolichoderus (cuspidatus-group) "herdsman ants"
Dill M, Williams DJ and Maschwitz U, 2002. Herdsmen ants and their mealybug partners. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Germany, 373 pages, 242 figures, 329 tables, 318 plates pp.
http://www.antcat.org/references/131098 - Dorylus
Wilson EO, 1964. The true army ants of the Indo-Australian Area (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dorylinae). Pacific Insects Monographs 6(3): 427-483
http://www.antcat.org/references/130369 - Euprenolepis
LaPolla JS, 2009. Taxonomic Revision of the Southeast Asian Ant Genus Euprenolepis. Zootaxa 2046: 1-25
http://www.antcat.org/references/131665 - Echinopla
New: Zettel H & Laciny A, 2015. Contributions to the taxonomy of the ant genus Echinopla Smith, 1857 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 62(1):101-121
http://www.antcat.org/references/142753 - Eurhopalothrix
Taylor RW, 1990. New Asian ants of the tribe Basicerotini, with an on-line computer interactive key to the twenty-six known Indo-Australian species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Invertebr. Taxon. 4: 397-425.
http://www.antcat.org/references/129208 - Eurhopalothrix platisquama-group
Mezger, D.; Pfeiffer, M. 2010. Eurhopalothrix elke, a new species from Borneo, and a key to the species of the E. platisquama group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News 13:133-139
http://www.antcat.org/references/131868 - Gnamptogenys
Lattke JE, 2004. A taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analyses of the ant genys /Gnamtogenys /Roger in Southeast Asia and Australasia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) University of California Publications in Entomology. Vol. 122. 279pp
http://www.antcat.org/references/131686 - Lasiomyrma
Terayama M and Yamane S, 2000. Lasiomyrma, a new stenammine ant genus from Southeast Asia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomological Science 3(3): 523-527.
http://www.antcat.org/references/132448 - Lophomyrmex
Rigato F, 1994. Revision of the myrmicine ant genus Lophomyrmex, with a review of its taxonomic position (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Syst. Entomol. 19: 47-60.
http://www.antcat.org/references/128063 - Lordomyrma
Lucky A and Sarnat EM, 2008, New species of Lordomyrma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Southeast Asia and Fiji., Zootaxa (1681), pp. 37-46: 39-40
http://www.andrealucky.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Lucky__Sarnat_2008_Zootaxa.pdf - Mayriella
Shattuck SO and Barnett NJ, 2007. Revision of the ant genys Mayriella. In: Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions (Snelling RR, Fisher BL, Ward JV, eds), American Entomological Institute, Gainsville, 437-458.
http://antbase.org/ants/publications/21289/21289.pdf - Meranoplus
Schödl S, 1998. Taxonomic revision of Oriental Meranoplus F. Smith, 1853 (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien Ser. B. Bot. Zool. 100: 361-394.
http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/images/4/4e/Schodl_1998.pdf - Metapone
Eguchi K, 1998. A new ant of the genys Metapone (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Sabah, Borneo. Entomological Science 1(4): 605-609.
http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/images/0/0d/Eguchi_1998.pdf - Myrmoteras
Zettel and Sorger, 2011. New Myrmoteras Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Southeastern Philippines. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 2011 59(1): 61-67.
http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/59/59rbz061-067.pdf
Agosti D, 1992. Revision of the ant genus Myrmoteras in the Malay Archipelago (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie *99*: 405-429
http://www.antcat.org/references/122140
Moffett MW, 1985. Revision of the genus Myrmoteras (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 151: 1-53.
http://www.antcat.org/references/127415 - Mystrium
Bihn JH and Verhaagh M, 2007. A review of the genus Mystrium (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Indo-Australian region. Zootaxa 1642: 1-12
http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01642p012.pdf - Odontomachus
New: Satria R, Kurushima H, Herwina H, Yamane S and Eguchi K, 2015. The trap-jaw ant genus Odontomachus Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Sumatra, with a new species description. Zootaxa 4048(1):1-36
http://www.antcat.org/references/142849 - Odontoponera
Yamane S, 2009. Odontoponera denticulata (F. Smith) (Formicidae: Ponerinae), a distinct species inhabiting disturbed areas. ARI 32 (1-8)
http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/images/f/f3/Yamane_2009.pdf - Pachycondyla nigrita group
Yamane S, 2007. Pachycondyla nigrita and related species in Southeast Asia. In: Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions (Snelling RR, Fisher BL, Ward JV, eds), Gainsville, 650-663.
http://bit.ly/1SFm29i - Paratopula
Bolton B, 1988. A review of Paratopula Wheeler, a forgotten genus of myrmicine ants (Hym., Formicidae). Entomologists Monthly Magazine 124: 125-143.
http://www.antcat.org/references/122849 - Pheidole
Eguchi K, 2001. A revision of the Bornean species of the ant genus Pheidole (Insecta:Hymenoptera:Formicinae:Myrmicinae). Tropics Monograph Series 2: 1-154.
http://www.antcat.org/references/131173 - Pheidole fervens / Pheidole indica
Eguchi K, 2004. Taxonomic revision of two wide-ranging Asian ants, Pheidole fervens and P. indica (Insects: Hymenoptera), and related species. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 105 (B): 189-209.
https://ia902706.us.archive.org/20/items/ants_20425/ants_20425.pdf - Pheidole schoedli / Pheidole parvicorpus
Eguchi K, Hashimoto Y and Malsch AKF, 2006b. Pheidole schoedli sp.n. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), a subterranean species found from North Borneo. Myrmecologische Nachrichten 8: 31-34.
http://www.antcat.org/references/131180 - Polyrhachis
Dorow WH, 1995. Revision of the ant genus Polyrhachis Smith, 1857 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae) on subgenus level with keys, checklist of species and bibliography. pp.
http://www.antcat.org/references/124382 - Polyrhachis (Campomyrma)
Kohout RJ, 2007. A review of the subgenus Polyrhachis (Campomyrma) Wheeler from Borneo with descriptions of new species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae) Asian Myrmecology 1: 7-17
http://www.asian-myrmecology.org/doi/10.20362/am.001002.html - Polyrhachis (Cyrtomyrma)
Kohout RJ, 2006. Review of Polyrhachis (Cyrtomyrma) Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae) of Australia, Borneo, New Guinea and the Solomon Islands with descriptions of new species Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 52(1): 87-146
http://www.antcat.org/references/131635 - Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla) flavoflagellata-group
Kohout RJ, 2008. A new species of the Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla) flavoflagellata-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae) from Borneo Asian Myrmecology 2: 11-16
http://www.asian-myrmecology.org/doi/10.20362/am.002002.html - Polyrhachis (Myrmhopla) sexspinosa-group
Bolton B, 1975. The sexspinosa-group of the ant genus Polyrhachis F. Smith (Hym. Formicidae). Journal of Entomology (B) 44: 1-14.
http://www.antcat.org/references/122843 - Polyrhachis (s. str.)
New: Kohout RJ, 2014. A review of the subgenus Polyrhachis (Polyrhachis) Fr. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae) with keys and description of a new species. Asian Myrmecology 6: 1-33
http://www.asian-myrmecology.org/doi/10.20362/am.006001.html - Ponera
Taylor RW, 1967. A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monographs 13: 1-112.
http://www.antcat.org/references/129181 - Prenolepis-group
LaPolla JS, Brady SG and Shattuck SO, 2010, Phylogeny and taxonomy of the Prenolepis genus-group of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic Entomology 35(1), 118-131.
http://www.antcat.org/references/131670 - Prionopelta
Shattuck SO, 2008, Revision of the ant genus Prionopelta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)in the Indo-Pacific region., Zootaxa (1846), pp. 21-34: 22-23
http://www.antcat.org/references/132316 - Pristomyrmex
Wang M, 2003. A monographic revision of the ant genus Pristomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae9. Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology 157(6): 383-539.
http://www.antcat.org/references/132547 - Probolomyrmex
Eguchi E, Yoshimura M and Yamane S, 2006a. The Oriental species of the ant genus Probolomyrmex (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Proceratiinae). Zootaxa 1376: 1-35.
http://www.antcat.org/references/131182 - Recurvidris
Bolton B, 1992. A review of the ant genus Recurvidris, new name (Hym.: Formicidae) for Trigonogaster Forel. Psyche (Cambridge) 99(1): 35-48.
http://www.antcat.org/references/122858 - Rhoptromyrmex
Bolton B, 1976. The ant tribe Tetramoriini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Constituent genera, review of smaller genera and revision of Triglyphothrix Forel. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 34: 281-379.
http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/78329#/summary - Rotastruma
Bolton B, 1991. New myrmicine ant genera from the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Formicidae. Syst. Entomol. 16: 1-13.
http://www.antcat.org/references/122833 - Strumigenys
Bolton B, 2000. The ant tribe Dacetini. The American Entomological Institute, Gainesville, 370 pp.
not available online - Technomyrmex
Bolton B, 2007. Taxonomy of the dolichoderine ant genus Technomyrmex Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) based on the worker cast. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 35(1): 1-149.
http://www.antcat.org/references/130794 - Tetheamyrma
Bolton B, 1991. New myrmicine ant genera from the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Formicidae. Syst. Entomol. 16: 1-13.
http://www.antcat.org/references/122833 - Tetramorium
Bolton B, 1977. The ant tribe Tetramoriini (Hymenoptera: Formicinae. The genus Tetramorium Mayr in the Oriental and Indo-Australian regions and in Australia. Bulletin of the British Museum (National History): Entomology series 36(2): 68-151
http://www.antcat.org/references/122825 - Tetraponera
Ward PS, 2001. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the ant genus Tetraponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Oriental and Australian regions. Invertebrate Taxonomy 15: 589-665
http://www.antcat.org/references/132560 - Vombisidris
Bolton B, 1991. New myrmicine ant genera from the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Syst. Entomol. 16: 1-13.
http://www.antcat.org/references/122833
New: Jaitrong W & Yamane S, 2013. The Aenictus ceylonicus species group (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Aenictinae) from Southeast Asia. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 31:165-233
http://www.antcat.org/references/142347
New: Jaitrong W.& Wiwatwitaya D, 2013. Two new new species of the Aenictus pachycerus species group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Aenictinae) from Southeast Asia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 61:97-102.
http://www.antcat.org/references/142329
New: Yamane S & Wang W, 2015. Description of a new species of the Aenictus pachycerus group from Borneo. Asian Myrmecology 7:53-56.
http://www.asian-myrmecology.org/doi/10.20362/am.007006.html